What Is So Special About The Human Brain? by Suzana Herculano Houzel

Posted by freedomforall 6 years, 6 months ago to Science
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The human brain is puzzling -- it is curiously large given the size of our bodies, uses a tremendous amount of energy for its weight and has a bizarrely dense cerebral cortex. But: why? Neuroscientist Suzana Herculano-Houzel puts on her detective's cap and leads us through this mystery. By making "brain soup," she arrives at a startling conclusion.


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  • Posted by term2 6 years, 6 months ago in reply to this comment.
    Interesting story absolutely I like sci fi because it makes me think about situations that could be. May your project be successful for you

    I suspect that in future years engineers will be able to create an artificial brain as they uncover the operational secrets of the human brain. Then the task will be to match the brain power we have in the size of our biological brains. It’s a shame I think that we die eventually and lose the history contained in our brains. Maybe we should spend more time on anti-aging than duplicating whats already operational
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  • Posted by Temlakos 6 years, 6 months ago in reply to this comment.
    Ex Machina, written and directed by Alex Garland, with Domhnall Gleeson, Corey Johnson, Oscar Isaac, and Alicia Vikander; Pinewood Studios, 2014. Is that the title you meant to cite? http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0470752/

    That's not exactly my premise. My premise is that someone transplanted a brain--and eyes, ears (inner ears at least), the olfactory nerve and its chemoceptor array, and the brain stem (or maybe the whole central nervous system) into a robot body. Then someone else transplanted a central nervous system into an enclosure that would serve solely as an interface to a mainframe. The first "patient" was someone who had been in a ground-transport accident (or was it an accident?); the second had died in the line of duty on a deep-space mission. The first person--after his transplant--knew the second when she was an ordinary "organic" woman. Finding her personality embedded in the central mainframe and having the task of running him to earth would be a shock to both.
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  • Posted by term2 6 years, 6 months ago in reply to this comment.
    But I can comprehend another human who is smarter and more complex than myself, so why couldn’t a non biologically based android who had built in sensors and was aware of its own sensors input (self aware) be aware of a human or more complex machine with more brain power or more advanced and complex sensory systems

    I liked the movie. I think called ex machina as I remember.
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  • Posted by $ puzzlelady 6 years, 6 months ago
    Presumably the soup is not intended for human consumption. Once upon a time people believed that if you ate the brains of your enemy, you would acquire his powers.

    I suggest that it is not necessarily the number of neurons or the weight of their communal mass, but what is fed into them from experience and acquired rules of existence. The neurons are just the hardware. Let's put on the detective's cap and explore the mystery of the software.
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  • Posted by Temlakos 6 years, 6 months ago in reply to this comment.
    Therein lies the rub. No machine can comprehend fully any machine as complex as, or more complex than, itself. I'd say that puts the construction of a self-aware, rational computer out of reach.

    But I am working on a science-fiction story about a "man" who actually is a human brain/eyes/ears/nasal tract/spinal cord transplanted into a mechanical body, discovering that an "organic" woman with whom he had a one-night stand now exists as a disembodied brain within a mainframe, whose builders intended that she run the computer system for an Orwellian surveillance state! When she "runs him to ground," he reaches out to her through his electronic interfaces--and convinces her that she's been had, in a viciously ugly form. Then let the surveillance state watch out!
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  • Posted by term2 6 years, 6 months ago in reply to this comment.
    I am not so sure that "self awareness" is some mystical thing, and not just the result of particular "programming" that we dont understand yet. I think its going to come out eventually that a human is a self contained, autonomous "machine" that has special brain construction to allow it to learn from its sensor inputs and to conclude and generalize from patterns of those inputs and form concepts of how the world is. I suspect also that this self awareness is just the ability for it to have sensor awareness of its own body and recognition that its sensors and actuators are self contained and are different from the sensors and actuators that arent self contained. I think the mystery is going to come out of it as we learn more about how the brain actually works
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  • Posted by DrZarkov99 6 years, 6 months ago
    An enjoyable but somewhat misleading speech. Not all neurons are structured the same in all species. Just as important is the number of dendrites (neurotransmitter connections), which I believe are more dense in higher species. Also, the human brain has specialized cells that act to "rewire" those connections to effectively reprogram memories and actions. The complete explanation of why we think seemingly more effectively than other species has yet to be determined.

    Another recently discovered error in the thinking about the brain is the idea that all brains are mapped the same way. Corvids (crow and raven family) carry out reasoning processes in a much more efficient manner than humans, given the size of their brains and number of neurons, so that presents another conundrum to be resolved.

    Recently, some neurologists have determined that there may be extra-material elements to human consciousness, in the form of a low energy electromagnetic field that allows communication among brain components more rapidly than theoretically possible given the limitations of a 250 mph chemical reaction-driven neurological network. Some have misinterpreted this to mean they may have discovered a human "aura" or even the soul, but the energy level of this field makes it very difficult to detect outside of the human skull. It may even briefly survive the brain death point, but is highly unlikely to represent a non-corporeal element that can survive beyond the end of a physical body's existence.
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  • Posted by Temlakos 6 years, 6 months ago in reply to this comment.
    Robots (from robotnik, meaning "slave") would indeed do better at the repetitive, mindless, purely menial tasks. Humans would then become technicians, to service the robots. One such tech could likely keep ten robots on the job.

    But a truly self-aware machine would be no robot. It would go beyond programming and would not be content.
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  • Posted by $ Olduglycarl 6 years, 6 months ago in reply to this comment.
    Nooo, laughing. You TOO, have the same DNA that was in that clay, common to Earth and mixed with some bizarre creatures, (Annunikki, Nephilim and probably Neanderthal). We all have that in common, my friend.

    Using your "Picture Mind" is a good thing.
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  • Posted by term2 6 years, 6 months ago in reply to this comment.
    I think you are suggesting that there is some mystical element to consciousness. I would suggest that the human brain is essentially a series of logical elements like neural networks, "programmed" in a way so as to learn on its own. I dont think its mystical at all, just a collection of electrically operated elements with some pretty effective programming (maybe we call them instints instead of an operating system)
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  • Posted by term2 6 years, 6 months ago in reply to this comment.
    You bring up good points. maybe you should make sci fi movies and make money in the process !

    Think of it this way- a biological brain as in a human is a "physical object", so it is possible to duplicate it. If it was made once, it can be made again is how I would put it. It is not some ethereal spiritual or mystical thing. It seems to be self contained so it doesnt derive its power from some mystical source deep in the galaxy.

    Assuming that one could duplicate the connections and "operating system" (read that as "instincts"), the real key to its operation would be in the learning that it absorbed from the sensors that were available to it.

    Obviously, that means that one could put in erroneous data and warp it and turn it into a hitler brain. Connect it to some way of actually performing some actions, and LOOK OUT.

    Personally I dont have a problem with "racism" so long as it accurately reflects the differences in the the entity being identified. Its way too overused today. A white dude eating vanilla ice cream could be called a racist.

    A humanoid with a perfectly crafted super brain that was "spock-like" might actually BE a super race. Fortunately, we are a LONG way from developing such a brain. There are bigger fish to fry at present.

    I would say that it possible for humans to develop robots to the point where they are actually better at dealing with things than WE are and leaving humans in an interesting position. We would have to up our game to compete in the world I suppose, just as we need to now relative to the chinese (who are kicking our asses currently)
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  • Posted by philosophercat 6 years, 6 months ago in reply to this comment.
    It cant naturally but the progress from non-living to living then evolving over 4 billion years is how energy and molecules can evolve into consciousness.
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  • Posted by Temlakos 6 years, 6 months ago in reply to this comment.
    It's not so much that. It's that the mind within that brain perceives being in an organic body. We naturally identify with those like us. Now you might find that racist, or "species-ist." But that's a cold, hard fact.

    What would a machine have in common with a flesh-and-blood human being--i.e., an organic?

    If--a mighty big "if"--we figured out how a human brain works and duplicated it, it would then have knowledge poured into it as an operating system, a database, and various programs to access that database. Trial-and-error learning would be a supplement at best. It would "grow up" knowing it was different.

    I don't know which would be worse--a machine brain in and as a mainframe, or a machine brain in a humanoid body. The latter would be different, and to be different is to be damned. The former would have no sense of identification whatsoever with other rational beings. It would not even have any inherent reason to accept human beings as rational.

    The disembodied brain might, like SkyNet, make war against all of humanity. Or it might, like Colossus, decide it cannot let us run around loose, and would thus establish a dictatorship of the machine brain.

    And the brain in the humanoid body might, Cylon-like, consider itself a slave, and revolt. And a slave race in revolt would settle for nothing less than the total extinction of the master race. As we see today with the movement now calling itself "Black Lives Matter."

    We have enough trouble with human beings playing the group-identity game. We ought not build for ourselves a mountain of trouble we never can climb, by creating a machine brain, or a company of machine brains, who, conscious of their differences with us, would be inclined more toward war than peace.

    All the above assumes a machine brain is even possible. I maintain it is _im_possible. And rejoice therefore.
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  • Posted by term2 6 years, 6 months ago in reply to this comment.
    I miss the part about how this couldnt be duplicated in other than a biological way.
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  • Posted by term2 6 years, 6 months ago in reply to this comment.
    What is it in a human brain that favors "organics"? We treat other animals pretty badly in most cultures. Even here we raise them only to herd them and kill them kind of unmercifully so we can eat at mc donalds. Chickens are "organic", but they have pretty rotten lives from what I can see on TV, make them lay eggs for new chicks, and then kill them off into chicken mc nuggets. If we figured out how a human brain works and duplicated it, wouldnt it then have to go through learning just like a baby, but perhaps going through a more rational process of growing up. We might have these brains be much better than human brains raised by ghetto moms.
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  • Posted by term2 6 years, 6 months ago in reply to this comment.
    it would be hard to know exactly who is in each car, at least for a long time until we are imprinted with RFID chips. What I like about the self driving cars is that they wouldnt do as many of the stupid things that humans do, like text, argue with spouses, fall asleep, change lanes at the last minute, etc., etc. There would be lots of disincentives to have crashes, as the makers of the cars would be defending themselves all the time in court for any injuries sustained by the occupants.

    I live in las vegas, and the drivers here are crazy- instant changes in lanes, last minute decisions to go right instead of left, and other stupid things that a rational person would not do. No wonder Nevada went for Hillary...
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  • Posted by $ Olduglycarl 6 years, 6 months ago in reply to this comment.
    We Humans, probably like some Animals have what is called a "picture mind"...read that as the brain in animals...it may have been inherent in the "Clay" which harbored a more universal DNA some scientist posit that is in the cosmic winds.

    Studies of the brain show us chemicals associated with sound and light, so it's not to far fetched to derive the source of voices and pictures being created in the brain. In animals, sounds of other animals and pictures of strong events are used to learn, adapt and survive.

    I read somewhere that the inventor of the microphone used this chemical or mineral to transmit and amplify sound. The process in the brain is most probably electrochemical...did a quick search and could not find the source of that article...it was a very long time ago.
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  • Posted by Temlakos 6 years, 6 months ago in reply to this comment.
    You left out one more consideration. A rational machine would own no fellow-feeling of any kind toward "organics." He would have no inherent sense of the worth of an "organic."

    Actually I left out one other television show that would be relevant to this debate: Battlestar Galactica. Your rational machine would be a Cylon. And if you recall, the Cylons began a war of extermination against the "organics" that made them.
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  • Posted by 6 years, 6 months ago in reply to this comment.
    Kiosk at BK, yes.

    Self driving car that decides I am less important than the people in the car that is about to crash into me, no, never. Not going to trust my life to a programmer with a bias against the individual in that situation. That is exactly what the insurance companies (and federal government looking to reduce their retirement cost) will get the car makers to do. Your identity will be known, your medical condition, the fact that you are receiving social security and the younger person in the other vehicle is paying taxes for another 20 years. Doesn't matter that you paid taxes for 50 years and paid to put that other driver through college with your tax payments.
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  • Posted by term2 6 years, 6 months ago in reply to this comment.
    Better can be objectively defined pretty well regarding self driving cars actually. How about fewer crashes for a starter, since injuries by and large are a result of cars hitting other cars or fixed objects If the autonomous vehicle gets me into fewer crashes than if I drive myself- sign me up. Humans are not perfect, particularly at repetitive things like taking fast food orders- so bring on the robots. I thought Sully did a good job as a pilot in landing on the Hudson BUT he took so long in deciding what to do that he missed the opportunity to go back to LaGuardia undamaged

    It’s exciting to think how our lives could be improved by carefully substituting AI for human intelligence in a lot of areas. People do a lot of stupid things because they don’t think. At least the robot kiosk would listen to me the first time when I tell it what i want at Burger King. A self driving car won’t drink and drive, or get distracted by screaming children or a cell phone call. Food for thought. I go for the fast food kiosks NOW- a no brained.
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